前一段时间使用IOCP开发一个服务器后，在公网测试效果非常不理想，考虑到后面得项目采用Linux完成，IOCP暂告一段落了。后来在看一些流行得服务器架构中，多数采用select模型，深感不解，经过深入找资料，略有所唔。其效率也非常高。已经夜半了，无所事事，四处瞎逛，翻起一篇老帖，心中泛起无数波澜，得来全不费工夫。
代码下载：


THE WORLD OF SELECT()
So just why am I so hyped on select()?

One traditional way to write network servers is to have the main server block on accept(), waiting for a connection. Once a connection comes in, the server fork()s, the child process handles the connection and the main server is able to service new incoming requests.

With select(), instead of having a process for each request, there is usually only one process that "multi-plexes" all requests, servicing each request as much as it can.

So one main advantage of using select() is that your server will only require a single process to handle all requests. Thus, your server will not need shared memory or synchronization primitives for different 'tasks' to communicate.

One major disadvantage of using select(), is that your server cannot act like there's only one client, like with a fork()'ing solution. For example, with a fork()'ing solution, after the server fork()s, the child process works with the client as if there was only one client in the universe -- the child does not have to worry about new incoming connections or the existence of other sockets. With select(), the programming isn't as transparent.

Okay, so how do you use select()?

select() works by blocking until something happens on a file descriptor (aka a socket). What's 'something'? Data coming in or being able to write to a file descriptor -- you tell select() what you want to be woken up by. How do you tell it? You fill up a fd_set structure with some macros.

Most select()-based servers look pretty much the same:


Quit with the pseudo-code, show me some real code!

Okay, let's take a look at a sample server included with Vic Metcalfe's Socket Programming FAQ (my comments are in red):
/*    PLEASE READ THE FILE NB-APOLOGY!!!!  There are some things you should    know about this source before you read it.  Thanks.       Quang Ngo alerted me to a bug where the variable listnum in deal_with_data()    wasn't being passed in by parameter, thus it was always garbage. I have    quick-fixed this in the code below. - Spencer (October 12, 1999)       Non blocking server demo    By Vic Metcalfe (vic@acm.org)    For the unix-socket-faq */ #include "sockhelp.h" #include <ctype.h> #include <sys/time.h> #include <fcntl.h> int sock;            /* The socket file descriptor for our "listening"                      socket */ int connectlist[5];  /* Array of connected sockets so we know who        we are talking to */ fd_set socks;        /* Socket file descriptors we want to wake       up for, using select() */ int highsock;       /* Highest #'d file descriptor, needed for select() */ void setnonblocking(sock) int sock; {   int opts;   opts = fcntl(sock,F_GETFL);   if (opts < 0) {     perror("fcntl(F_GETFL)");     exit(EXIT_FAILURE);   }   opts = (opts | O_NONBLOCK);   if (fcntl(sock,F_SETFL,opts) < 0) {     perror("fcntl(F_SETFL)");     exit(EXIT_FAILURE);   }   return; }
void build_select_list() {   int listnum;       /* Current item in connectlist for for loops */   /* First put together fd_set for select(), which will      consist of the sock veriable in case a new connection      is coming in, plus all the sockets we have already      accepted. */         /* FD_ZERO() clears out the fd_set called socks, so that     it doesn't contain any file descriptors. */      FD_ZERO(&socks);      /* FD_SET() adds the file descriptor "sock" to the fd_set,     so that select() will return if a connection comes in     on that socket (which means you have to do accept(), etc. */      FD_SET(sock,&socks);      /* Loops through all the possible connections and adds     those sockets to the fd_set */      for (listnum = 0; listnum < 5; listnum++) {     if (connectlist[listnum] != 0) {       FD_SET(connectlist[listnum],&socks);       if (connectlist[listnum] > highsock)         highsock = connectlist[listnum];     }   } }
void handle_new_connection() {   int listnum;       /* Current item in connectlist for for loops */   int connection; /* Socket file descriptor for incoming connections */   /* We have a new connection coming in!  We'll   try to find a spot for it in connectlist. */   connection = accept(sock, NULL, NULL);   if (connection < 0) {     perror("accept");     exit(EXIT_FAILURE);   }   setnonblocking(connection);   for (listnum = 0; (listnum < 5) && (connection != -1); listnum ++)     if (connectlist[listnum] == 0) {       printf("\nConnection accepted:   FD=%d; Slot=%d\n",         connection,listnum);       connectlist[listnum] = connection;       connection = -1;     }   if (connection != -1) {     /* No room left in the queue! */     printf("\nNo room left for new client.\n");     sock_puts(connection,"Sorry, this server is too busy.  "           Try again later!\r\n");     close(connection);   } }
void deal_with_data(   int listnum      /* Current item in connectlist for for loops */   ) {   char buffer[80];     /* Buffer for socket reads */   char *cur_char;      /* Used in processing buffer */   if (sock_gets(connectlist[listnum],buffer,80) < 0) {     /* Connection closed, close this end        and free up entry in connectlist */     printf("\nConnection lost: FD=%d;  Slot=%d\n",       connectlist[listnum],listnum);     close(connectlist[listnum]);     connectlist[listnum] = 0;   } else {     /* We got some data, so upper case it        and send it back. */     printf("\nReceived: %s; ",buffer);     cur_char = buffer;     while (cur_char[0] != 0) {       cur_char[0] = toupper(cur_char[0]);       cur_char++;     }     sock_puts(connectlist[listnum],buffer);     sock_puts(connectlist[listnum],"\n");     printf("responded: %s\n",buffer);   } }
void read_socks() {   int listnum;       /* Current item in connectlist for for loops */   /* OK, now socks will be set with whatever socket(s)      are ready for reading.  Lets first check our      "listening" socket, and then check the sockets      in connectlist. */      /* If a client is trying to connect() to our listening     socket, select() will consider that as the socket     being 'readable'. Thus, if the listening socket is     part of the fd_set, we need to accept a new connection. */      if (FD_ISSET(sock,&socks))     handle_new_connection();   /* Now check connectlist for available data */      /* Run through our sockets and check to see if anything     happened with them, if so 'service' them. */      for (listnum = 0; listnum < 5; listnum++) {     if (FD_ISSET(connectlist[listnum],&socks))       deal_with_data(listnum);   } /* for (all entries in queue) */ }
int main (argc, argv) int argc; char *argv[]; {   char *ascport;  /* ASCII version of the server port */   int port;       /* The port number after conversion from ascport */   struct sockaddr_in server_address; /* bind info structure */   int reuse_addr = 1;  /* Used so we can re-bind to our port         while a previous connection is still         in TIME_WAIT state. */   struct timeval timeout;  /* Timeout for select */   int readsocks;       /* Number of sockets ready for reading */   /* Make sure we got a port number as a parameter */   if (argc < 2) {     printf("Usage: %s PORT\r\n",argv[0]);     exit(EXIT_FAILURE);   }   /* Obtain a file descriptor for our "listening" socket */   sock = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);   if (sock < 0) {     perror("socket");     exit(EXIT_FAILURE);   }   /* So that we can re-bind to it without TIME_WAIT problems */   setsockopt(sock, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, &reuse_addr,     sizeof(reuse_addr));   /* Set socket to non-blocking with our setnonblocking routine */   setnonblocking(sock);   /* Get the address information, and bind it to the socket */   ascport = argv[1]; /* Read what the user gave us */   port = atoport(ascport); /* Use function from sockhelp to                                     convert to an int */   memset((char *) &server_address, 0, sizeof(server_address));   server_address.sin_family = AF_INET;   server_address.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY);   server_address.sin_port = port;   if (bind(sock, (struct sockaddr *) &server_address,     sizeof(server_address)) < 0 ) {     perror("bind");     close(sock);     exit(EXIT_FAILURE);   }   /* Set up queue for incoming connections. */   listen(sock,5);   /* Since we start with only one socket, the listening socket,      it is the highest socket so far. */   highsock = sock;   memset((char *) &connectlist, 0, sizeof(connectlist));   while (1) { /* Main server loop - forever */     build_select_list();     timeout.tv_sec = 1;     timeout.tv_usec = 0;          /* The first argument to select is the highest file       descriptor value plus 1. In most cases, you can       just pass FD_SETSIZE and you'll be fine. */            /* The second argument to select() is the address of       the fd_set that contains sockets we're waiting       to be readable (including the listening socket). */            /* The third parameter is an fd_set that you want to       know if you can write on -- this example doesn't       use it, so it passes 0, or NULL. The fourth parameter       is sockets you're waiting for out-of-band data for,       which usually, you're not. */          /* The last parameter to select() is a time-out of how       long select() should block. If you want to wait forever       until something happens on a socket, you'll probably       want to pass NULL. */          readsocks = select(highsock+1, &socks, (fd_set *) 0,       (fd_set *) 0, &timeout);          /* select() returns the number of sockets that had       things going on with them -- i.e. they're readable. */            /* Once select() returns, the original fd_set has been       modified so it now reflects the state of why select()       woke up. i.e. If file descriptor 4 was originally in       the fd_set, and then it became readable, the fd_set       contains file descriptor 4 in it. */          if (readsocks < 0) {       perror("select");       exit(EXIT_FAILURE);     }     if (readsocks == 0) {       /* Nothing ready to read, just show that          we're alive */       printf(".");       fflush(stdout);     } else       read_socks();   } /* while(1) */ } /* main */
  
Okay, so maybe that wasn't the best example...

Got some suggests? Corrections? Please let me know.

In the mean time, here's some references to other sources of information about select():

Socket FAQ Question about select()
Straight from the excellent socket FAQ.

Unix Programming FAQ Question about select()
Straight from the other excellent FAQ.

Unix Socket Programming FAQ Examples
The above nbserver.c sample code and more socket stuff.

thttpd - tiny/turbo/throttling HTTP server
Nifty little single-threaded, non-fork()'ing, select() based Web server.

BOA
Another single-threaded, select() based Web server.